Behavioral,neuroendocrine and physiological indicators of the circadian biology of male and female rabbits

Adult rabbits show robust circadian rhythms of: nursing, food and water intake, hard faeces excretion, locomotion, body temperature, blood and intraocular pressure, corticosteroid secretion, and sleep. Control of several circadian rhythms involves a light‐entrained circadian clock and a food‐entrained oscillator. Nursing periodicity, however, relies on a suckling stimulation threshold. Brain structures regulating this activity include the paraventricular nucleus and preoptic area, as determined by lesions and quantification of cFOS‐ and PER1 clock gene‐immunoreactive proteins. Melatonin synthesis in the rabbit pineal gland shows a diurnal rhythm, with highest values at night and lowest ones during the day. In kits the main zeitgeber is milk intake, which synchronizes locomotor activity, body temperature, and corticosterone secretion. Brain regions involved in these effects include the median preoptic nucleus and several olfactory structures. As models for particular human illnesses rabbits have been valuable for studying glaucoma and cardiovascular disease. Circadian variations in intraocular pressure (main risk factor for glaucoma) have been found, with highest values at night, which depend on sympathetic innervation. Rabbits fed a high fat diet develop cholesterol plaques and high blood pressure, as do humans, and such increased fat intake directly modulates cardiovascular homeostasis and circadian patterns, independently of white adipose tissue accumulation. Rabbits have also been useful to investigate the characteristics of sleep across the day and its modulation by infections, cytokines and other endogenous humoral factors. Rabbit circadian biology warrants deeper investigation of the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in regulating most behavioral and physiological rhythms described above.     

Naltrexone in Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder: A Feasibility Study of Twenty Men

BackgroundCompulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) is a common disorder affecting different areas of life, although studies focusing on pharmacological treatment are sparse.AimTo investigate whether the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone is feasible and tolerable and can provide symptom reduction in CSBD.MethodsTwenty men aged 27–60 years (mean = 38.8 years, standard deviation = 10.3) with CSBD seeking treatment in an outpatient nonforensic clinic received four weeks of naltrexone 25–50 mg. Measurements were made before, during, and four weeks after treatment.OutcomesThe self-assessment Hypersexual Disorder: Current Assessment Scale (HD: CAS) score was the primary outcome measure, and secondary outcomes were the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI) score, reported adverse effects, adherence to treatment, and dropouts.ResultsThere was significant decrease on both HD: CAS and HBI scores during treatment with naltrexone. Even though some of the effects remained after treatment, the increased scores on HD: CAS indicated worsening of CSBD symptoms. The most reported side effects were fatigue (55%), nausea (30%), vertigo (30%), and abdominal pain (30%). However, there were no serious adverse effects leading to discontinuation of naltrexone.Clinical ImplicationsDespite side effects being common, naltrexone seems to be feasible in the treatment of CSBD.Strengths & LimitationsBeing the first nonforensic prospective trial on naltrexone in CSBD, this study provides novel insights on a pharmacological intervention. However, owing to the small sample size and the lack of a control group, conclusions of effectiveness should be interpreted with caution.ConclusionNaltrexone is feasible and tolerable and may reduce symptoms of CSBD; nevertheless, future studies should ensure a randomized controlled procedure to evaluate possible effectiveness.Savard J, Öberg KG, Chatzittofis A, et al. Naltrexone in Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder: A Feasibility Study of Twenty Men. J Sex Med 2020;17:1544–1552.     

行为-结构化-关系干预模式对短期住院孤独症谱系障碍儿童的疗效分析

目的 探讨以行为-结构化-关系(BSR)干预模式对短期住院孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童的干预疗效,为改善ASD儿童的预后提供参考依据。方法 选取2015年12月－2016年12月确诊为ASD的2~6岁儿童141例,随机分为治疗组和对照组。治疗组ASD儿童均接受BSR模式的短期课程训练,训练课程包括个别辅导、游戏课、运动课、音乐课等,每天训练时间6 h,持续1个月;对照组ASD儿童处于干预等待,接受随访观察和评估。所有ASD儿童干预前、后均接受儿童心理教育评估(第三版)(PEP-3)来进行各方面能力变化的评估。结果 治疗组、对照组干预前各副测验的原积分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组ASD儿童干预后认知、语言理解、模仿、情感表达、社会互动、行为特征-非语言、适应行为的原积分比较,差异均有统计学意义(t=2.41、2.02、4.14、3.69、4.42、2.69、2.96,P<0.05);但小肌肉、大肌肉、自理的原积分比较,差异无统计学意义(t=-1.13、-1.05、-0.84,P>0.05)。结论 BSR干预模式能够有效改善短期住院ASD儿童的预后,可推广用于儿童ASD的治疗。     

Association Between Parental Marital Status and Types of Suicidal Behavior Among Korean Adolescents: A Cross-sectional Study

ObjectivesAdolescent suicide is a global problem. This study aimed to identify associations between parental marital status and suicidal behavior.MethodsThis study analyzed 118 715 middle and high school students from the 13th and 14th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. The odds ratios (ORs) of suicidal ideation, planning, and attempts were calculated based on parental marital status, living situation, and socioeconomic factors. The data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression.ResultsWhen compared to those living with 2 married biological parents, the ORs of suicidal ideation among adolescents living with either remarried or no parents were 1.34 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17 to 1.53) and 1.36 (95% CI, 1.11 to 1.66), respectively. For suicidal planning, the OR of those living with 1 remarried biological parent was 1.24 (95% CI, 1.01 to 1.52), and that of those living without parents was 1.28 (95% CI, 0.95 to 1.73), when compared to adolescents living with 2 married biological parents. For suicide attempts, when compared to adolescents with 2 married biological parents, the OR of those living with 1 remarried biological parent was 1.48 (95% CI, 1.17 to 1.87) and that of those living without parents was 2.02 (95% CI, 1.44 to 2.83). For adolescents living with 1 remarried biological parent, suicidal behavior was strongly associated with having no siblings and were weakly associated with not living with grandparents.ConclusionsSuicidal behavior among adolescents was associated with the remarriage and loss of parents. Therefore, special attention and interventions are needed for adolescents in those situations.     

我国城市3~5岁儿童家庭常见养育问题的现状调查

目的 通过了解我国城市地区3~5岁儿童家庭养育中常见问题,为我国儿童保健专业人员开展有针对性的家庭养育指导提供依据。方法 于2017年在全国14省15个城市的2 286名3~5岁儿童家长中开展家庭养育问卷调查,内容涉及社会人口情况、3~5岁儿童家庭常见养育问题及其处理难度,采用χ²检验、Logistic回归分析社会人口学因素对于家庭养育问题重度处理困难的影响。结果 在过去三个月中92.9%的家长报告遇到1个以上的养育问题,3.7%的家长遇到3个及以上的重度处理困难的养育问题。家长报告的3~5岁儿童常见家庭养育问题的发生率在52.48%~13.91%之间,其中最常见的问题依次为挑食(52.48%)、不自己吃饭(49.66%)、睡眠问题(46.54%)、不听话(46.07%)等。Logistic回归分析发现,男童(OR:1.25,95%CI:1.02~1.53)是家长报告出现重度处理困难家庭养育问题的风险因素,而年龄较大(OR=0.84,95%CI:0.75~0.95)、母亲分娩年龄大(OR=0.96,95%CI:0.93~0.99)、核心家庭(OR=0.77,95%CI:0.61~0.97)是保护因素。结论 我国3~5岁学龄前儿童家长普遍面临家庭养育方面的困扰,医务人员有必要通过咨询指导为家长提供喂养、睡眠及行为等方面的养育支持,特别是针对低龄、男童、年轻母亲、非核心家庭等家长。     

Who is not using condoms among HIV-positive patients in treatment in the largest city in Brazil?

Data on risky sexual behaviors in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) is still scarce in some populations around the world. The purpose of this study was to assess the factors associated with the use of condoms in a representative sample of PLWHA in outpatient treatment in the city of São Paulo. Six hundred and sixty-seven HIV-positive patients (383 men and 284 women) who were being treated at eight centers participated in this study. Data were collected using a sociodemographic survey, the Beck depression and anxiety inventories, a survey of alcohol and other drugs use, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, a sexual behavior survey, and the Sexual Risk Behavior Assessment Schedule. The majority of study participants were sexually active (almost 62% of the sample had at least one sexual partner in the last three months), and at least one-fourth engaged in unsafe sex (25.3% did not use condoms during at least one instance of anal and/or vaginal intercourse in the past three months). Multivariate logistic regression showed that engaging in unprotected sex was more likely among females (p < .001), persons with an HIV-positive partner (p < .001), and people using cannabis before sex (p = .002). These findings should stimulate health-care workers to create specific groups for women, seroconcordant couples, and cannabis users to discuss condom use, as they seem to be vulnerable groups.     

对因护理对消化道溃疡患者健康行为及复发率的影响

目的探讨对因护理对消化道溃疡复发率、患者健康行为的影响。方法回顾性分析本院2010年1月—2012年6月收治的320例消化道溃疡患者的临床资料。随后选取本院2012年7月—2014年6月收治的220例消化道溃疡患者作为研究对象,其中观察组针对引起消化道溃疡复发的危险因素进行对因护理,对照组则给予常规护理,比较2组患者复发率及健康行为依从性。结果不良生活习惯、不良饮食习惯、不良情绪、服NSAIDs、用药依从性差、春秋季节是引起消化道溃疡复发的危险因素(P0.01);观察组护理后健康生活方式、健康饮食、遵医嘱用药依从性分别为75.45%、86.36%、89.09%,均显著优于护理前(P0.01),而与对照组护理后比较,观察组健康行为依从性更好(P0.05或P0.01);观察组护理后6个月、1年复发率分别为2.73%、4.55%,均显著低于对照组(P0.01)。结论对引起消化道溃疡复发的危险因素进行对因护理可有效降低消化道溃疡复发率,提高患者健康行为依从性,值得临床推广应用。